Electromagnetics | Blog | SimScale https://www.simscale.com/blog/category/electromagnetics/ Engineering simulation in your browser Wed, 10 Dec 2025 15:43:32 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://frontend-assets.simscale.com/media/2022/12/cropped-favicon-32x32.png Electromagnetics | Blog | SimScale https://www.simscale.com/blog/category/electromagnetics/ 32 32 What is Rotating Equipment? https://www.simscale.com/blog/what-is-rotating-equipment/ Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:35:13 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=108481 Rotating equipment – the mechanical heartbeat of countless industries – presents some of the most fascinating and...

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Rotating equipment – the mechanical heartbeat of countless industries – presents some of the most fascinating and complex engineering challenges.

From maximizing efficiency in a jet engine’s turbine to ensuring the reliable, vibration-free operation of a simple industrial pump, the rotating component is where performance and reliability are won or lost.

What is rotating equipment?

Simply put, rotating equipment is any machinery that relies on rotational motion to perform its function. Unlike static equipment (like pipes or storage tanks), these devices are designed to convert energy into mechanical motion, often for moving fluids or generating power.

Common examples span a wide range of industries:

What is the difference between static and rotating equipment?

The main difference between static and rotating equipment is movement.

  • Static equipment (like pipes, tanks, or heat exchangers) is stationary and has no moving parts.
  • Rotating equipment (like pumps, turbines, or motors) uses spinning components to actively create motion or generate power.

Rotating equipment types in depth

Let’s have a look at the different types of rotating equipment in a bit more depth.

Pumps (Centrifugal, Axial)

Pumps stand as the workhorses of industry, hydraulic machines designed to transport fluids by converting rotational kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy. The most common types, centrifugal pumps, use a rotating impeller to fling fluid outwards, while axial pumps use a propeller-style mechanism to move fluid along the shaft’s axis. From water supply systems to chemical processing, their applications are endless. But how can one optimize their performance and prevent damaging issues like cavitation? This is where modern engineering simulation steps in, allowing engineers to digitally visualize flow patterns and pressure zones to achieve design excellence before a physical prototype is ever built.

CFD of a Pump with SimScale
CFD of a Pump with SimScale

Turbines (Gas, Steam, Wind)

Turbines are critical in our pursuit of energy, acting as sophisticated engines that extract energy from a fluid flow and convert it into useful rotational work, most often to power a generator. Whether it’s a gas turbine using hot combustion gases, a steam turbine driven by high-pressure steam, or a wind turbine capturing the kinetic energy of the air, their core principle is to harness natural forces. The design of their complex blades is paramount to performance. Cloud-native simulation platforms offer a robust framework for modeling these intricate fluid-structure interactions, helping engineers optimize blade geometry to maximize efficiency and reliability.

CFD of a rotating turbine
CFD of a rotating turbine

Compressors (Centrifugal, Axial)

Compressors are vital machines whose primary function is to increase the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Like pumps, they are commonly found in centrifugal (radial) and axial flow configurations, each suited for different pressure ratios and flow rates. These devices are the heart of everything from jet engines and industrial refrigeration to gas pipeline transport. Achieving high efficiency and a stable operating range is a key design challenge. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), engineers can meticulously simulate the high-speed, complex flow through blade passages to optimize designs and minimize energy losses.

Compressor case of a turbo jet
Compressor case of a turbo jet

Fans and Blowers

While often grouped with compressors, fans and blowers are specifically designed to move large volumes of air or gas, typically at a much lower pressure differential. Their function is essential for ventilation in buildings (HVAC), cooling electronics, or supplying combustion air in industrial furnaces. The main challenge in their design is to achieve the required flow rate while minimizing power consumption and acoustic noise. Engineering simulation plays a key role here, allowing designers to analyze airflow, test blade profiles, and visualize turbulence to create quieter and more efficient systems.

Outlet velocity of a centrifugal fan simulated in SimScale
Outlet velocity of a centrifugal fan simulated in SimScale

Motors and Generators

These two devices are the cornerstone of our electrified world, managing the conversion between mechanical and electrical energy. A motor takes electrical energy and converts it into mechanical rotation to drive a pump, fan, or compressor. A generator does the exact opposite, taking rotational energy from a turbine and converting it into electrical energy for the grid. Optimizing their design requires a deep understanding of electromagnetics and thermal management. Multiphysics simulation is crucial, enabling engineers to analyze magnetic fields, predict heat buildup, and ensure the structural integrity of these fundamental machines.

electric motor multiphysics simulation
Multiphysics simulation of an electric motor

Propellers and Impellers

At the very heart of nearly all turbomachinery, you will find a rotating component designed to interact with a fluid: the propeller or the impeller. An impeller, such as one in a centrifugal pump, is designed to transfer energy to the fluid, increasing its velocity and pressure. A propeller, used for propulsion or in a turbine, interacts with the fluid to create thrust or extract work. The specific geometry of these components—their blade curvature, angle, and number—is the single most critical factor in the machine’s overall performance. Their design is a perfect use case for simulation, which allows for detailed flow analysis to maximize efficiency and minimize wear.

FEA structural analysis showing stress on a drone rotor blade
FEA structural analysis showing stress on a drone rotor blade

Rotating equipment in our public projects

Here is a range of rotating equipment that has been simulated with SimScale by our community.

Rotating equipment challenges

The continuous operation of rotating equipment is fundamental to global infrastructure, from power generation to manufacturing. Efficiency and reliability failures carry a massive cost. For instance, even a one percent drop in efficiency across a fleet of industrial pumps or compressors translates into millions of dollars in wasted energy annually. Any component failure driven by vibration or fatigue can trigger unscheduled downtime, which instantly halts production or utility service.

Beyond these operational costs, the industry is now facing unprecedented pressure driven by global Net-Zero targets and evolving sustainability mandates. This shift requires nothing less than a revolution in design, pushing engineers to develop machines that achieve record-breaking efficiencies while incorporating new low-carbon technologies, such as advanced compressors for hydrogen or lighter, more powerful electric motors. Therefore, optimizing these machines isn’t merely about achieving peak performance; it is a business-critical requirement for safeguarding financial viability and ensuring operational continuity in a sustainable future.

Some examples of government mandated Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) are given below.

Equipment TypeMetric/ClassExample Regions/MandatesReference
Electric MotorsIE3/IE4 ClassesEU: IE3 is the current base, with IE4 mandatory for motors between 75 kW and 200 kW (as of July 2023).EU Commission Regulation 2019/1781
Industrial PumpsMinimum Efficiency Index (MEI)European Union: Requires MEI >= 0.40 for certain rotodynamic water pumps, with >= 0.70 being the benchmark for the most efficient models.EU Commission Regulation 547/2012
Industrial PumpsPump Energy Index (PEI)United States (DOE): Sets maximum allowable PEI values (e.g. PEICL <= 1.00) for clean water pumps, enforced since January 2020.US DOE Energy Conservation Standards for Pumps
Air CompressorsPackage Isentropic EfficiencyUnited States (DOE): Standards for certain oil-flooded rotary air compressors became mandatory on January 10, 2025, based on minimum isentropic efficiency at specific flow rates.US DOE Final Rule 85 FR 1504

Simulating rotating equipment with SimScale

Engineering simulation provides the vital advantage needed to tackle the complex challenges of rotating equipment proactively. By modeling real-world physics in a virtual environment, designers can rapidly explore changes and predict performance before a prototype is ever built, leading to significant cost reduction, increased reliability and lifespan, and accelerated time to market.

At SimScale, we are committed to providing accessible, high-performance simulation tools right in your web browser. For rotating equipment, our platform offers a powerful, validated suite of simulation types across fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, and electromagnetics.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

To master the fluid flow within your turbomachinery, SimScale’s online CFD simulation capabilities offer two primary approaches. For initial design exploration and quickly mapping basic performance curves (like pump curves), the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method provides a computationally fast, steady-state approximation. However, for maximum fidelity in predicting complex phenomena—such as rotor-stator interactions, pressure pulsations, or cavitation—the Transient Analysis utilizing the highly accurate Sliding Mesh technique is essential. Furthermore, you can accelerate your entire development cycle by using Parametric Studies to automatically run dozens of variations (different speeds, flow rates, geometries) in parallel, efficiently generating a full performance map.

Read how Hazleton Pumps generated performance curves 100x faster with SimScale.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Structural integrity and vibration avoidance are paramount for rotating equipment reliability. SimScale’s FEA tools focus on guaranteeing these factors. By conducting Rotational Modal Analysis, engineers can compute natural frequencies while accounting for rotational effects (centrifugal forces), which is crucial for identifying and avoiding critical speeds that lead to destructive resonance. The results are used to generate Campbell Diagrams for definitive vibration diagnosis. For detailed assessment, Harmonic and Transient Analysis allows designers to predict dynamic stresses resulting from forces like unbalance, ensuring the component’s fatigue life is sufficient.

Learn more about Rotational Modal Analysis and Campbell Diagrams on the SimScale Blog.

Electromagnetic (EM) Simulations

Electric motors and generators are a critical subset of rotating equipment, and their efficiency is governed by electromagnetics. SimScale’s EM solvers accurately calculate crucial machine characteristics like magnetic fields, flux, and torque output, which is necessary for meeting strict IE4/IE5 efficiency standards. To capture real-world performance accurately, these results can be integrated into Multiphysics Coupling workflows, linking electrical losses (heat) to a thermal analysis, which then feeds into a structural analysis to assess the impact of temperature on material stresses

Learn more about Multiphysics Simulation in SimScale.


Why SimScale for Your Rotating Equipment Design?

SimScale’s commitment to the rotating machinery sector is all about making advanced physics accessible. Our cloud-native platform is specifically engineered to overcome the common barriers of traditional CAE:

  1. Speed and Parallelism: Run complex transient and parametric studies in parallel, reducing the turnaround time from days to hours.
  2. Accessibility: No heavy software installation or specialized hardware is needed. Access powerful HPC from your web browser, anywhere.
  3. Ease of Use: An intuitive interface and validated workflows, including specialized rotating machinery meshing, allow design engineers to conduct simulations without needing deep simulation expertise.

By leveraging SimScale, your team can Simulate Early, Simulate More, and Simulate Now—leading to faster design cycles, highly optimized products that meet global efficiency mandates, and maximum operational reliability for all your rotating equipment.

FAQs

The main types of rotating machines are pumps, turbines, compressors, fans, blowers, motors, generators, propellers, and impellers.

Rotating equipment (like pumps or motors) uses spinning parts to create motion or power. Static equipment (like pipes or tanks) is stationary and has no moving parts.

Rotating machines are ones that rely on rotational motion to function. Common examples include pumps (moving liquids), compressors (pressurizing gas), turbines (extracting energy), and motors (creating motion).

The difference is movement. Fixed (static) equipment is stationary, like a pipe or storage tank. Rotating equipment has spinning components to do work, like a turbine or a fan.

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How do Solenoids Work https://www.simscale.com/blog/how-do-solenoids-work/ Tue, 04 Nov 2025 08:01:09 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=108440 Ever wondered how solenoids work? These small but powerful electromagnetic devices convert electrical energy into motion; using a...

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Ever wondered how solenoids work? These small but powerful electromagnetic devices convert electrical energy into motion; using a magnetic field to move a plunger that controls valves, switches, and actuators in everything from cars to industrial equipment.

Sounds interesting?

Let’s take a closer look at how it all works.

What is a solenoid?

A solenoid, a coil of wire, is an electromechanical device that uses electromagnetism to produce controlled motion. As an electric current passes through the wire coil, magnetic field that can move a ferrous armature is generated.

Solenoid valve from Solero Technologies
A solenoid valve designed by Solero Technologies using SimScale

What is the function of a solenoid?

This controlled motion of a solenoid can open or close valves to control fluid flow in hydraulic and pneumatic systems, engage locks, activate switches – depending on the application.

Solenoids are widely used as they can provide precise motion control using electricity alone, without a need for complex mechanical linkages.

Parts of a Solenoid

Here is a breakdown of the key components that work together to generate and utilize a magnetic field for mechanical action.

PartDescriptionKey Design Considerations
Coil (Winding)A copper wire tightly wound around the stationary core, where the electrical current is passing through.Number of turns, wire gauge, current capacity, and insulation material determine field strength and heat dissipation. Coil design must balance force, efficiency, and temperature rise.
Stationary coreA ferromagnetic cylinder that provides a low-reluctance path for the magnetic flux generated by the coil. It concentrates the field and enhances magnetic force on the plunger.Material selection, geometry, and surface finish affect magnetic permeability and saturation. Must minimize eddy current and hysteresis losses.
Plunger (Armature)Part of the stationary core that moves under the influence of the magnetic field.Stroke length, mass, and surface finish affect response speed and reliability.
SpringReturns the plunger to its original position when the coil is de-energized.Spring constant (stiffness), preload, fatigue life, and temperature resistance. Must be designed to balance return force with electromagnetic pull for proper actuation timing.
Parts of a Solenoid
A solenoid simulation with the core parts or a solenoid labelled
A solenoid simulation with the core parts of a solenoid labelled

How does a solenoid work step-by-step?

To truly understand how a solenoid works, it helps to look inside and observe what takes place the moment electricity is applied.

Below is a step-by-step explanation of the entire process – starting with the initial flow of current and ending with the resulting mechanical motion:

  1. Electrical current energizes the coil (solenoid activation) : Once voltage is applied to the solenoid, electrical current starts flowing through the copper winding. This flow of electricity creates a magnetic field around the coil, a process explained by Ampère’s Law. How strong this magnetic field gets depends on factors such as: the number of turns in the winding, how strong the current is, and the magnetic permeability of the core material.
  2. Magnetic field strengthens and focuses in the core: Next, the stationary core – usually made of something like soft iron – channels and intensifies the magnetic flux created by the coil. This process creates a powerful magnetic circuit between the core and the plunger (also known as the armature). At this point, the magnetic energy is concentrated and ready to push the plunger into motion.
  3. The plunger is pulled in: Now the magnetic force comes into play, pulling the plunger toward the coil’s center. This is how electromagnetic energy is converted into linear mechanical motion. Depending on how the solenoid is built, the plunger either moves in (pull-type) or pushes out (push-type). That movement is what performs the work – whether it’s flipping a switch, opening a valve, or locking something into place.
  4. Power off – the spring takes over: As soon as the power is cut, current stops flowing and the magnetic field fades away. Without that force holding the plunger in place, the return spring takes over and pushes the plunger back to its ‘resting’ position. This mechanism ensures fail-safe operation and resets the solenoid for its next activation.

Types of Solenoids

Without realizing it, solenoids are actually used every day for a variety of purposes – quietly powering a wide range of devices.

Their adaptability in size and strength makes them suitable for everything from small gadgets to heavy-duty machines. Different jobs call for different traits – like how fast they respond, how much energy they use or how they move – so there are many types of solenoids, each built to handle specific tasks.

Solenoid types can be broken down as follows.

Based on function and design

  • Linear solenoids: These produce a linear, in-and-out motion, most commonly seen in push/pull applications.
  • Push/pull (or monostable): The armature moves in or out when the coil is energized and returns to its original position when the power is removed, often with the help of a spring.
  • Latching (or bistable): These require a pulse of energy to move to an “on” or “off” state, and they stay in that position without continuous power.
  • Proportional: The position of the plunger is proportional to the amount of power supplied to the coil.
  • Rotary solenoids: These create a rotational motion instead of linear movement.
  • Solenoid valves: These control the flow of fluids or gases by using a solenoid to open or close a valve.
  • Direct-acting: The solenoid directly opens or closes the valve, and this can be done with or without pressure acting on the valve.
  • Pilot-operated (or indirect-acting): These use the fluid pressure as a pilot force to help operate the valve.

Based on electrical type and frame design

  • AC solenoids: Solenoids designed to run on alternating current, often using a laminated frame to prevent buzzing.
  • DC solenoids: Solenoids designed to run on direct current.
  • C-Frame solenoids: These have a C-shaped frame around the coil and are popular in many DC applications.
  • D-Frame solenoids: These have a two-piece, D-shaped frame and are commonly used in industrial applications.

Solenoid Applications

Compact, efficient, and remarkably versatile – solenoids play a quiet but crucial role in powering modern technology.

Whether in automotive, manufacturing equipment or medical devices, their ability to deliver precise motion makes them indispensable to today’s engineering solutions. Let’s explore some of the most common and important solenoid applications.

Application FieldSpecific Use CaseWhy a Solenoid is Used / Benefit
Powertrain and Engine ControlFuel-injector control, starter solenoid, shift solenoids, transmission valve body solenoids (gear shifting)Improved fuel efficiency by ensuring timely gear changes, smoother transitions, fluid temperature management
Body and Comfort SystemsA/C system control, door lock/unlock mechanisms, trunk/hood latchesCompact solenoid actuators provide reliable motion for locking/unlocking, remote control, and safety interlock functions
Process Control and ValvesSolenoid-controlled hydraulic valves, pneumatic cylinders in manufacturing systems, robotic actuator control, on-off and proportional valves in process plantsSolenoids allow quick fluid or air flow control, increasing automation, precision, safety and response times on the production line
Industrial AutomationConveyor diverters, gate actuators, locking pins in robotics or automated assembly linesDeliver rapid, programmable mechanical movement, bridging electronic control systems with physical motion for smart manufacturing and robotics

Design & Simulation of Solenoids

Designing a well-functioning solenoid involves carefully balancing several interdependent factors – including magnetic strength, actuation speed, heat buildup, and in certain cases, fluid behavior. The key design challenge is to ensure the solenoid generates sufficient electromagnetic force to move the plunger reliably, all while avoiding overheating or performance drops under real-world conditions.

Since solenoids operate through interconnected physical processes, their design requires consideration of multiple physics. The flow of electric current produces a magnetic field, which in turn drives motion and can cause heat generation. In valve-related applications, this motion further influences fluid pressure and flow.

Accurately modeling these various physical phenomena requires a combination of electromagnetic, thermal and fluid dynamics simulations.

Graphical representation of simulating a solenoid in the browser with SimScale
Simulating a solenoid in your browser with SimScale

With SimScale’s cloud-based multiple physics platform, engineers can simulate and refine every aspect of solenoid behavior in a single workspace – from observing magnetic field distribution to assessing thermal performance and analyzing internal fluid flow. This holistic simulation approach speeds up development, cuts down on physical prototyping and ensures consistent performance across a wide range of use cases.

Solenoids in our projects

Here are some amazing SimScale projects simulating solenoids.

FAQs

Commons causes of solenoid failure are; electrical problems such as incorrect voltage, power surge or poor connection, mechanical problems such as wear and tear, excessive pressure or improper installation, and environmental problems such as extreme temperatures, moisture or vibration can degrade the components

To choose the right solenoid, you first need to define your application’s performance parameters/criteria. The best way to accomplish this is to use the following factors as a guideline: Solenoid size/geometry, Direction of the required motion, Solenoid stroke length, Actuation force, Duty cycle, Environmental factors

SimScale allows engineers to carry out multiple physics simulations in a single platform that reflects the complete behavior of a solenoid valve – including its electromagnetic characteristics as well as thermal and fluid analysis. Based on specific design objectives, multiple simulation types can be integrated to deliver a comprehensive, end-to-end analysis.

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Webinar Highlights: Unlock Magnetic Pulse Welding Simulation https://www.simscale.com/blog/webinar-highlights-unlock-magnetic-pulse-welding-simulation/ Fri, 26 Sep 2025 08:04:57 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=107855 In our recent webinar, our application engineering team dove deep into the transformative realm of electromagnetic simulations,...

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In our recent webinar, our application engineering team dove deep into the transformative realm of electromagnetic simulations, specifically focusing on the advanced technique of magnetic pulse welding.

As pioneers of cutting-edge, cloud-native simulation solutions, SimScale is dedicated to democratizing access to sophisticated engineering tools, allowing teams to accelerate design decision-making and optimize performance across various industries. This session unpacked how SimScale’s platform leverages AI-enhanced simulations to streamline and enhance the electromagnetic welding process, making it more accessible and efficient for engineering professionals.


On-Demand Webinar

If the highlights caught your interest, there are many more to see. Watch the on-demand Simulation Expert Series webinar from SimScale on how real-time simulation with AI is driving faster design cycles and superior products by clicking the link below.


1. Effortlessly Analyze Core Electromagnetics

Tackle computationally heavy transient simulations with ease using SimScale’s cloud-native platform. The webinar shows how on-demand computing power removes hardware limitations , allowing you to accurately analyze magnetic field distribution and eddy current density from your web browser. An integrated AI assistant can also guide you through the setup process, making complex analysis more accessible.

2. Accurately Predict Welding Forces

Learn how to predict the critical Lorentz forces that create the weld without melting the materials. The webinar demonstrates how SimScale’s high-fidelity results provide the insight needed to assess the effectiveness of the magnetic impulse. You can then instantly share these results with your team using a simple URL link, streamlining review and decision-making.

3. Manage Thermal Effects with Confidence

The high-intensity current pulse generates significant Joule heating, even in a microsecond-long event. Discover how to run a coupled thermal-magnetic analysis to visualize these heating effects and ensure temperatures don’t compromise material properties. If you need assistance, the platform’s integrated support chat provides expert advice in minutes.

4. Rapidly Optimize Your Design

See how the cloud enables rapid design optimization by running a limitless number of parallel simulations to explore a wide design space. The webinar shows how to easily compare different coil geometries, materials, and air gaps to improve weld consistency. This ability to iterate quickly allows your team to innovate faster and reduce the risk of failure.

5. Democratize Simulation for the Entire Team

SimScale is built to make simulation accessible to both experts and beginners on your team. The webinar explains how this approach helps break down knowledge silos and avoid bottlenecks common with traditional simulation tools. By using pre-validated simulation templates, designers and engineers can confidently run their own analyses, fostering a more collaborative and efficient workflow.

Conclusion

This SimScale webinar illuminated the profound impacts of integrating cloud-native, AI-enhanced simulation tools in addressing complex engineering challenges like magnetic pulse welding. The insights presented underscore how SimScale is at the forefront of the technological revolution in engineering, providing solutions that are not only powerful and comprehensive but also accessible and conducive to collaborative innovation.

Watch Now

For a deeper dive into how SimScale’s groundbreaking features can significantly benefit your projects, watch the full on-demand webinar recording. Discover firsthand the detailed demonstrations and expert discussions that will equip you with the knowledge to leverage magnetic pulse welding and other advanced simulations for your applications. Click here to access the full session and start transforming your engineering workflow today.

The post Webinar Highlights: Unlock Magnetic Pulse Welding Simulation appeared first on SimScale.

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Induction Hardening: From Basics to Optimization https://www.simscale.com/blog/induction-hardening-from-basics-to-optimization/ Fri, 20 Jun 2025 08:41:39 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=104442 Induction hardening has long played a vital role in manufacturing high-performance metal components, particularly in industries...

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Induction hardening has long played a vital role in manufacturing high-performance metal components, particularly in industries where strength, wear resistance, and precision are critical. 

Yet, as component complexity increases and demand for efficiency grows, traditional methods of designing and optimizing induction hardening processes often fall short. 

In this article, we explore how modern simulation technologies, especially cloud-native tools, are revolutionizing the way engineers approach induction hardening as a non contact heating process , making it faster, more accurate, and significantly more accessible.

If you’re already familiar with induction hardening click here to jump to the juicy part on how to optimise it with simulation

What Is Induction Hardening?

Induction hardening is a surface heat treatment process that enhances the surface hardness and durability of metal components – utilized in industries where durability is key.

The process involves heating the metal’s surface using electromagnetic induction and then cooling it down quickly (quenching). This rapid heating and cooling changes the metal’s surface structure, increasing its wear resistance while maintaining a tough and ductile core.

Induction hardening in progress with the outer metal being red hot
Induction hardening in progress with the outer metal layer being red hot.
Image courtesy of MetalTechnology

Stages of Induction Hardening

It’s useful to understand how induction hardening works as a sequence of processes. Each stage from heating to quenching affects the final quality and performance of the treated component.

Induction Heating

First, the metal part is placed inside a induction coil, and an alternating current is passed through the coil. This creates an alternating magnetic field that induces eddy currents (loops of electrical current) on the metal’s surface, rapidly heating it to the transformation temperature.

Simulation of ohmic losses during the induction heating process

Quenching

Next comes the cooling. The heated metal surface is quickly cooled using water, oil, or a special polymer solution (quenchant), with immediate quenching being crucial . This rapid cooling, causes surface hardening which transforms the surface layer into a hard, crystalline structure called martensite.

Tempering / Heat Treatment (if needed):

Sometimes, the newly hardened surface can be a bit too brittle, so tempering helps by gently reheating and cooling the part. This step softens it just enough to keep it durable without cracking under stress.

Hardness Level Control

The hardness achieved depends on a multitude of factors such as the mechanical properties of the material.

  • coil design
  • heating frequency
  • quenching speed

The aim is to create a hardened surface layer while preserving the material’s core properties.

Quenching after induction hardening
Quenching after induction hardening
Image courtesy of Pro-Lean

Advantages of Induction Hardening

Induction hardening offers several engineering and production benefits that make it an attractive option across many industries. Here are some of the key advantages:

  • Localized Heating: Induction hardening offers precise control due to its reliance on electrical energy rather than combustion. This enables selective hardening of specific component areas while preserving the original properties of the surrounding material – ideal for achieving targeted enhancements without compromising overall integrity
  • Enhanced Wear Resistance: The hardened surface significantly improves resistance to wear and fatigue.
  • Minimal Distortion: Rapid heating and cooling reduce the risk of part distortion compared to conventional heat treatments.
  • Energy Efficiency: The process is rapid and energy efficient, making it cost-effective.
  • Automation Capability: You can integrate induction hardening into automation lines with ease, keeping production consistent and fast.

Disadvantages of Induction Hardening

While induction hardening offers numerous advantages, it is not without limitations. This section outlines some of the key drawbacks and constraints associated with the process.

  • Material Limitations: Not all metals are suitable; typically, medium to high-carbon steels are required for effective hardening. Lower carbon materials generally don’t produce enough surface hardening.
  • Setup Costs: The equipment can be expensive, making it less appealing for small-scale processes.
  • Geometry Restrictions: Complex shapes are difficult to heat evenly – leading to uneven hardening.
  • Risk of Cracking: Without due oversight, the rapid heating and cooling can introduce thermal stresses, which might cause cracks on the surface.

Challenges in Induction Hardening Processes

This section delves into the key technical and actionable operational challenges that engineers face when applying induction hardening in real-world manufacturing environments.

  1. Material Suitability: Ensure that the selected material is compatible with induction hardening. Medium to high-carbon steels are optimal due to their capacity to form martensite upon rapid cooling. Evaluate material composition early to avoid performance shortfalls.
  2. Complex Geometries: Use simulation tools to validate coil and part design before production. Optimizing coil shape ensures uniform heating and minimizes defects such as hot spots and uneven hardening.
  3. Frequency and Power Density Optimization: Apply simulation to fine-tune induction parameters. Choosing the correct frequency and power settings helps achieve desired case depths while avoiding overheating or insufficient hardening.
  4. Cooling and Quenching Control: Design a quenching process tailored to your component geometry. Proper control over cooling media, rates, and flow uniformity prevents thermal stress and distortion.
  5. Managing Equipment Investment: For smaller operations, consider cloud-based simulation platforms to test and refine induction strategies before investing in physical equipment—reducing trial-and-error and capital risk.

The Role of Simulation in Induction Hardening

Induction hardening is a complex process that requires precise control over multiple physical phenomena, including electromagnetic fields, heat transfer, and material behavior.

Achieving consistent hardness while minimizing thermal stresses causes significant challenges, especially when dealing with complex geometries that are common for manufacturing applications.

“Traditional trial-and-error methods are often inefficient, as they require multiple physical prototypes and time-consuming adjustments to coil configurations, inductor geometry, and quenching parameters. No need to even mention high costs that come with this.”

Simulation provides an efficient and accurate approach to tackling these challenges in the induction heating process . By creating virtual models of the hardening setup, engineers can visualize temperature distribution, predict hardness profiles, and fine-tune process parameters before any physical testing takes place. This process not only saves time and costs but also allows for testing various design configurations without the risk of damaging real components.

Variation of the magnetic flux density during the induction hardening process
Variation of the magnetic flux density during the induction hardening process
Variation of electric current density during the induction hardening process
Variation of electric current density during the induction hardening process
Variation of ohmic losses during the induction hardening process
Variation of ohmic losses during the induction hardening process

When applied to localized solutions like hardening crankshafts, gear teeth, camshafts, and other critical components, simulation offers the flexibility to experiment with different coil designs and material properties. This makes it possible to optimize heating efficiency and uniformity for a wide range of parts, from simple shafts to complex assemblies.

One of the most powerful aspects of cloud-native simulation software is its ability to integrate multiple physics into a single environment, including induction hardening equipment . Platforms like SimScale enable engineers to evaluate electromagnetic heating, thermal stresses, and cooling strategies, providing a comprehensive understanding of how design choices impact performance and durability. As a cloud-native tool, SimScale also makes high-fidelity simulations accessible without the need for expensive on-premises hardware, empowering engineers to innovate faster and more efficiently.

Revolutionizing Induction Hardening with SimScale: Scalable, Collaborative, and User-Friendly

Traditionally, engineers have relied on complex, on-premises simulation tools or outsourced analysis to specialists, leading to lengthy workflows and high costs. However, SimScale is changing the game by offering a cloud-native, user-friendly solution that brings electromagnetic simulation to the earliest stages of design, making it accessible to engineers, designers and manufacturing teams.

Electric current and magnetic flux density during simulation
Electric current and magnetic flux density during simulation in SimScale

Cloud Scalability for Rapid Iteration

SimScale’s cloud-based 3D electromagnetic solver lets engineers test and iterate multiple induction hardening designs in parallel—directly in the browser. No need for costly hardware or complex setup. Its scalable infrastructure supports multiple simulations at once, accelerating validation and decision-making.

Cost and Time Efficiency

By unifying AI-powered multiphysics (electromagnetic, thermal, structural, and flow) in one platform, SimScale reduces the need for physical prototypes. This cuts costs, shortens iteration cycles, and delivers reliable results faster.

User-Friendly Interface

SimScale is intuitive and easy to navigate, even for users new to electromagnetic simulation. The clean interface simplifies setup, so engineers can focus on optimization, not software.

Early Design Integration

Simulation with SimScale starts at the concept phase, which can also include flame hardening considerations . Engineers can evaluate coil efficiency, hardening depth, and quenching strategies early—avoiding expensive redesigns later.

Seamless Collaboration

SimScale enables real-time collaboration across teams through the browser. Everyone can view and comment on simulation results, improving alignment and speeding up decisions.

Empowering Engineering Teams

SimScale brings high-end simulation directly to engineers—no need for external experts. Its AI-enhanced, cloud-native platform enables smaller teams to work independently and innovate confidently.

Start Simulating Today

SimScale’s cloud-native platform makes it easier than ever to start analyzing induction hardening processes. You can test designs, optimize coil configurations, and explore the impacts right from your browser. There’s no upfront investment or installation—just sign up, upload your model, and begin your analysis.

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

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What can Engineering AI do for you? Here are 5 agentic workflows set to transform productivity https://www.simscale.com/blog/what-can-engineering-ai-do-for-you-5-agentic-workflows/ Tue, 03 Jun 2025 15:17:06 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=103594 AI is rapidly advancing from simple chatbots to autonomous agents capable of performing actions and using tools to achieve...

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AI is rapidly advancing from simple chatbots to autonomous agents capable of performing actions and using tools to achieve objectives set by a user. This evolution is the unlock that engineers have been waiting for. Unlike chatbots, AI agents can interact with your engineering data, make decisions, and carry out actions—all with minimal oversight. 

An agentic Engineering AI is in active development at SimScale, integrated directly into our simulation platform, and we have customers using it today in alpha testing. This agent is set to make simulation even more accessible, intelligent, and productive, regardless of your experience level.

In this article, we dive into five agentic workflows that we see Engineering AI unlocking, either today or in the near future. The technology is maturing fast and we are excited about what’s coming next!

1. Helping Novice Users Get to a Working Simulation Sooner

Making simulation approachable for new users has always been at the core of SimScale’s mission. Engineering AI agents turbocharge this democratization. Rather than relying on static documentation or guides, an agent understands your CAD model and context in real time. It can proactively guide you step-by-step toward a viable setup—automatically diagnosing missing inputs, suggesting best practices, and flagging potential challenges long before you hit “run.” This transforms onboarding from a knowledge hurdle into a guided, confidence-building experience.

Using Engineering AI to choose an analysis type and set up the model

2. Accelerating Model Setup With Intelligent Automation

Setting up a simulation is often time-consuming, particularly when it comes to assigning boundary conditions, materials, or physics models. SimScale’s Engineering AI leverages both geometric information and vast simulation knowledge to streamline this process. The agent recognizes context from your geometry and model setup, recommends or auto-applies suitable settings, and raises issues only when human judgment is needed. The result: faster, more consistent model preparation with less context switching or uncertainty—bringing value to novices and seasoned analysts alike.

Getting started with Engineering AI in SimScale

3. Guiding the Application of Company Best Practices

Scaling simulation quality and consistency across a distributed team remains an industry pain point. Engineering AI can actively reinforce organizational best practices. It serves as a digital mentor, surfacing internal guidelines and guarding against common pitfalls as users progress through a workflow. Over time, such agents learn from recurring mistakes or successes, driving incremental improvement and consolidating hard-won expertise—no matter the user’s prior experience.

SimScale’s David Heiny demonstrates Engineering AI. To watch the full webinar, click here

4. Collaborating With Other Agents

Some of the most exciting potential of Engineering AI agents emerges through collaboration—between agents, not just humans. Multiple specialized agents, each with domain-specific reasoning, can work together across complex engineering challenges. Recently, during a joint webinar with Generative Engineering, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept agent-to-agent workflow. Here, SimScale and Generative Engineering agents jointly orchestrated a design space exploration, translating broad goals into practical analyses and autonomously iterating on concepts in the background. This kind of digital teamwork could transform the status quo of tool interoperability and ultimately deliver seamless, agent-powered multi-tool engineering workflows in the near future.

Generative Engineering’s Laurence Cook demonstrates agent-to-agent collaboration. To watch the full webinar, click here

5. Automating RFQ Responses

One high-impact future application of the workflow demonstrated above is automating RFQ (Request for Quotation) responses. Mature engineering agents will soon be able to ingest customer requirements, map them to relevant design specs, set up and run appropriate simulations, and validate that the proposal meets performance criteria—all automatically. For organizations handling large volumes of RFQs or routine design studies, this unlocks significant value: reducing manual workload, speeding up response times, and freeing engineers to focus on high-impact, creative tasks.

Webinar: Is Your Organization Ready for AI?

Looking Ahead

Engineering AI agents represent a step change for simulation-driven design. They reduce ramp-up times, accelerate core workflows, promote best practices, enable multi-agent collaboration, and automate entire processes. At SimScale, we’re building these capabilities directly into our platform so that more organizations and engineering teams can benefit from agentic workflows.

If you’re interested in what AI-accelerated engineering could do for your team, get in touch with us below and be part of this new era of digital engineering.

Are you getting the most out of cloud-based simulation? Check out our subscription plans and capabilities, choose the right solution for your business, and request a demo today.

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Top 5 Webinar Highlights: Enhance & Optimize Solenoid Design https://www.simscale.com/blog/webinar-highlights-enhance-optimize-solenoid-design/ Thu, 22 May 2025 13:20:56 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=103303 In our recent Simulation Experts Webinar Series, we delved into the intricacies of solenoid design, showcasing how...

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In our recent Simulation Experts Webinar Series, we delved into the intricacies of solenoid design, showcasing how SimScale’s cloud-native simulation platform empowers engineers to enhance and optimize solenoid performance efficiently.

Led by Product Manager Nur Öztürk, the session provided valuable insights into leveraging advanced simulation techniques for solenoid workings.

If you missed the live session, here are the top five highlights from the webinar:

  • Optimizing Magnetic Field Distribution for Enhanced Efficiency
  • Refining Electromagnetic Actuator Design
  • Improving Thermal Management and Heat Dissipation
  • Reducing Material Waste and Development Time
  • Validating Performance Without Physical Prototypes

On-Demand Webinar

If the above highlights caught your interest, there are many more to see. Watch the on-demand Simulation Expert Series webinar from SimScale on how real-time simulation with AI is driving faster design cycles and superior products by clicking the link below.

Simulating solenoid electromagnetics in a web browser

1. Optimizing Magnetic Field Distribution for Enhanced Efficiency

The webinar emphasized the importance of precise magnetic field distribution in solenoid design. Using SimScale’s electromagnetic simulation capabilities, engineers can visualize and adjust magnetic fields to ensure optimal performance. This approach allows for the identification of areas with magnetic saturation or leakage, enabling targeted design modifications that enhance solenoid efficiency.

2. Refining Electromagnetic Actuator Design

A key focus was on the iterative refinement of electromagnetic actuators. By simulating various design configurations, engineers can assess the impact on actuator force and response time. This process facilitates the development of actuators that meet specific performance criteria, reducing the reliance on physical prototypes and accelerating the design cycle.

3. Improving Thermal Management and Heat Dissipation

Thermal performance is critical in solenoid operation. The session demonstrated how SimScale’s thermal simulation tools enable the analysis of heat generation and dissipation within solenoid components. By identifying hotspots and evaluating cooling strategies, engineers can design solenoids with improved thermal stability and longevity.

4. Reducing Material Waste and Development Time

The integration of simulation into the design process contributes to material and time savings. By virtually testing and validating designs, engineers can minimize the need for multiple physical prototypes. This approach not only conserves resources but also shortens the development timeline, allowing for quicker iterations and faster time-to-market.

5. Validating Performance Without Physical Prototypes

The webinar highlighted the capability of SimScale to validate solenoid performance through simulation alone. By accurately predicting operational behavior under various conditions, engineers can ensure that designs meet performance requirements before any physical manufacturing. This virtual validation is particularly beneficial in industries where prototyping is costly or time-consuming.

How to Enhance & Optimize Solenoid Design with SimScale

Final Thoughts

This webinar underscored the transformative impact of cloud-native simulation in engineering. By reducing simulation lead time, breaking down silos, and integrating AI-driven insights, organizations can drive faster design cycles and superior products.

For those who missed the live session, the full webinar is available on-demand on SimScale’s website. Watch it here: Enhance & Optimize Solenoid Design with SimScale.

For further reading on solenoid design and modeling, check out our blog post: Solenoid Design and Modeling: Cloud-Native Simulation.

Stay tuned for more insights in our Simulation Experts Webinar Series!

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

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AI Is Sweeping Into Knowledge Work. What About Engineering? https://www.simscale.com/blog/ai-is-sweeping-into-knowledge-work-what-about-engineering/ Wed, 09 Apr 2025 12:17:53 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=102295 Recent AI tools have proved to be so helpful in both creative and technical disciplines that knowledge workers dealing primarily...

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Recent AI tools have proved to be so helpful in both creative and technical disciplines that knowledge workers dealing primarily with text and speech – in particular in sales, marketing, support, consulting, or legal – adopted them very rapidly. A recent survey by McKinsey found that the number of companies using AI in at least one business function jumped from 33% to 71% in the span of just 18 months.

This growth has also been fueled by an equally rapid expansion of model capabilities. The first steps toward multi-modality came quickly and introduced the same text-to-output inference to other content types. We already almost take for granted the ability to generate high-quality images, video, and source code through such tools.

Can AI Generate Engineering Output?

Mechanical engineering teams have adopted these tools as well to accelerate all sorts of work processes. For example, to analyze and summarize RFQs faster or to search faster for technical information. But these use cases are mostly adjacent to the core engineering work and mechanical design. So why is it that we can ask AI to generate very useful text, images, video, and code but not a useful engineering design?

Let’s consider how these types of AI models are trained. Generative AI models have been trained on trillions of tokens, primarily from the internet. Transformer models on huge datasets of public text/code and diffusion models on equally large datasets of text-image pairs. Not only is this training data available in vast quantities, but the data formats are also very straightforward to read and use for model training.

Things look rather different in the engineering realm, the most obvious challenge being that, unlike text or source code, there is little to no public product design engineering data available. Then there is also the question of data quality, in the sense of whether or not a given design is fit-for-purpose, meeting the requirements that it was designed for. Added to that is the fact that the most widely used data formats storing mechanical design information are proprietary, requiring commercial licenses even to read it, let alone manipulate it. In summary, the idea of obtaining and processing millions of engineering designs to train a generative model still looks like a very challenging ask today, but technical progress in this field is happening fast.

Does That Mean That Core Engineering Work Will Remain AI-Free for Now?

Absolutely not. In due course, novel AI approaches might rise to the challenge of handling big chunks of typically manual engineering workflows, possibly including the transformation of a text prompt into a meaningful design, but it is going to take time to get there.

Meanwhile, there are AI engineering workflows that are easier to attain while still very helpful. We can get a long way by using AI to speed up the cycle time for a single design iteration to such an extent that it appears to be instantaneous. We will do this by accelerating all of the steps in the workflow, including CAD generation, model preprocessing and setup, simulation workflows, and the analysis of results.

Once we have all that proven out, an AI agent can then drive the (accelerated) machine, taking design decisions along the way and looping around to discover optimal solutions.

Replacing a human-in-the-loop with a machine-in-the-loop in this way has the advantage of leaving the workflow and toolchain fundamentally unchanged, with the AI system ‘driving’ the tools in the same way that a human does. This means the human can easily understand what is being done and intervene at any point. Most importantly, the human can provide input to direct the AI, for example, where a design needs to balance competing objectives – decisions that require careful consideration and mutual understanding.

Not Just a Case of “Prompt Engineering”

Let’s dig into how we deploy AI to accelerate and augment engineering workflows. Let’s start by looking at how these processes work today. They tend to be centered around the manual engineering work where humans make decisions to advance the iterative design by designing and evaluating the design’s performance, depicted in green below. The CAD system involved can be conceptualized as a computational process going from parameterization to geometry (yellow) and the CAE system going from the simulation setup to the results (blue). 

Diagram of a simple engineering workflow with a human taking a CAD geometry and creating a simulation of it

This is a very simplified conceptual view of the engineering process, but helpful as it differentiates between the unstructured, human workflows in the middle and the purely computational ones left and right. All three can be automated already, to search through a prescribed design space for example. But this automation is very much rate-limited when using so-called traditional physics solvers to evaluate each design. What’s more is that AI can transform this process into something not only automatic, but autonomous.

Introducing Physics AI & Engineering AI

Let’s tackle that first bottleneck of simulation run time (the right-hand block in the diagram above). Depending on the physics and fidelity needed, a computing time of hours to days is not unusual. A growing set of AI methodologies to speed up this solve process is available, from deep learning surrogate models that replace full physics solvers to tools that speed up those ‘traditional’ solvers. Given the availability of a suitable, pre-trained, method, you can reduce the solve time almost to zero. We call these ‘Physics AI’ methods to indicate that, at the core, it’s about predicting physics with AI, and with the big benefit of being able to do that very fast. 

screenshot of simscale platform with pde and ai solutions
Physics AI delivers lightning-fast predictions alongside ‘traditional’ PDE solvers in SimScale

The second, more dispersed bottleneck visible in the process is the human interaction needed to go from a given design to a well defined simulation setup, then to consider the results of that simulation, and lastly to determine which point in the design space to look at next (the middle block in the diagram). These are all steps where an AI agent can assist, facilitate, accelerate, as well as act autonomously – performing complete workflows by operating on the existing tool stack just as a human would. As such, it is performing a series of discrete and logical steps that can be justified or even debated, as you might with a colleague. Since this agent is performing the core engineering work for you, we refer to it as ‘Engineering AI’.

Diagram of how a simple engineering workflow can be accelerated using Engineering AI and Physics AI in SimScale

Lastly, let’s turn our attention to the left-hand block – the CAD definition of a design. Once a model has been created and parameterized, generating a new variant based on a new set of parameters is already near-instantaneous. What is very much slower, though, is the process of creating that CAD model in the first place.

There are several exciting technologies emerging in the CAD space that could make the process of CAD generation far faster and more robust. Latent space parameterization, implicit representations, and cloud-native BREP are just three such technologies that could enable vastly faster design iterations, and we are actively working on integrating them into SimScale.

We Are Placing AI Tools in the Hands of Every Engineer

Thanks to its cloud-native architecture with built-in AI infrastructure, SimScale is uniquely able to provide AI features to help you navigate engineering workflows and accelerate performance predictions by leveraging your simulation data in the cloud. As we have explored so far in this blog, unlocking value from AI means touching almost every aspect of the simulation workflow. It requires a deep and immediate connection to models and data which is only practical to do in a cloud-native stack.

Join Jon Wilde, VP of Product, to see how SimScale AI can transform the speed of engineering workflows

Engineering AI and Physics AI are built into SimScale in such a way that it can become second nature to use these tools to supercharge your productivity. SimScale users do not need to deal with any of the typical headaches experienced when attempting to deploy AI tools such as data cleaning/organizing/relocation, model versioning and management, or provisioning of suitable GPU resources for model training and execution. All of these are taken care of by the vertically integrated tool stack and intuitive user experience.

At NVIDIA GTC 25, we announced that we are making it even easier and faster to adopt Physics AI for certain applications by building a set of pre-trained foundation models. The unique aspect of these models is that they are pre-trained on a broad set of designs, providing users with a Physics AI model that they can use out-of-the-box or that they can augment with a small amount of their own proprietary training data. To learn more about foundation models in SimScale, check out this blog.

Unlock AI Value by Selecting an Impactful Application to Start With

Once you have test-driven the capability, the next step is to test-drive the value unlock. Each engineering team we work with has unique legacy data stored, sometimes from decades of engineering work. We frequently see teams expecting to start there, trying to find value in it. The reality is that finding and processing legacy data can be an immensely difficult task, and one that may take a very long time to yield results, even if useful data exists.

We recommend a different approach: Select an engineering process in your organization that – if collapsed to seconds – would create hard value for your organization (revenue or costs) and try tackling that with an AI-powered workflow. 

Remember: The best time to start leveraging AI systems in your engineering team was yesterday. The second best is today – give us a ring!

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

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Solenoid Design and Modeling with Cloud-Native Simulation https://www.simscale.com/blog/solenoid-design-and-modeling/ Fri, 07 Feb 2025 09:44:01 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=99721 Given their strong magnetic field and ease of manufacture, solenoids are essential in many industrial applications. Whether fuel...

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Given their strong magnetic field and ease of manufacture, solenoids are essential in many industrial applications. Whether fuel is used in injection, braking system, or valve activation, solenoids provide reliable and efficient operations through electromagnetic activation. Their performance directly affects system efficiency, energy consumption, and response time.

Electromagnetic simulation (EM simulation) plays an important role in adapting solenoid design. By providing deep insight into magnetic field distribution, coil efficiency, electromagnetic force generation, and thermal behavior, the simulation allows engineers to refine the solenoid performance before the physical prototype.

This article will explore the different types of solenoids, their design principles, and how cloud-native multiple physics simulation can improve development processes.

Introduction to Solenoids

A solenoid is a device that consists of a housing, a moving plunger (armature), and a coil winding. A magnetic field surrounds the coil when an electrical current is applied, drawing the plunger in. A solenoid, to put it simply, transforms electrical energy into mechanical work.

solenoid actuator
Figure 1: A schematic of a solenoid actuator (Credit: ElectronicsTutorials)

Solenoid Design Principles

Electromagnetic Design Principles

  • Coil Design and Specifications: The solenoid coil is the central component. Usually, copper wire is twisted around a core to form it. The strength of the magnetic field and power consumption is influenced by the wire gauge and the number of turns. A well-defined solenoid coil specification ensures optimal performance. Key factors include:
    • Electrical Properties: Resistance, inductance, and capacitance must be optimized for efficiency.
    • Material Selection: Copper is commonly used for winding due to its conductivity.
    • Coil Winding Techniques: Layering techniques impact performance and thermal behavior.
    • Manufacturing Considerations: Space availability, cost constraints, and production lead times dictate coil design feasibility.
  • Core Material: To strengthen the magnetic field, ferromagnetic elements such as iron are utilized for the core. The performance and saturation point of the solenoid are influenced by the material selection. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of each material ensures the best fit for application-specific needs. Common materials include:
    • Amorphous and Nano-Crystalline Materials: Offer high permeability and low core losses.
    • Neodymium: Provides high magnetic saturation for strong field generation.
    • Copper Clad Steel: Balances cost-effectiveness with performance.
  • Magnetic Circuit: Effective force creation requires magnetic circuit optimization. Taking into account the air gap, which influences the force-stroke characteristics, is part of this.
  • Saturation: The “knee” of the B-H curve, where maximal domain alignment happens with the least amount of current, should be the target of design. For solenoid design, this is regarded as the optimal point.
actuator magnet fields simulation
Figure 2: Magnetic fields in linear-pushing solenoid actuators

Thermal Design Principles

  • Heat Dissipation: Resistive losses in the coil cause solenoids to produce heat. To avoid overheating, proper thermal management is vital.
  • Temperature Rise: Until thermal stabilization is achieved, the coil temperature rises. The resistance of the coil and, consequently, the current and magnetic force are impacted by this temperature increase.
  • Insulation Class: It is critical to choose the right insulation materials depending on the anticipated operation temperatures. This choice is guided by the IEC’s thermal classes, such as Class B or H.
  • Cooling Techniques: Additional cooling techniques like heat sinks or water cooling can be required for high-power applications.

Challenges in Solenoid Design

The challenges in solenoid electromagnetic design must balance practical limitations with performance optimization. Designers must ensure longevity in a variety of climatic situations while navigating size and weight constraints, particularly in consumer electronics and automotive applications. There is ongoing pressure on businesses to cut expenses, speed up development cycles, and satisfy a variety of customized requirements. To be competitive in the market, designers also need to adhere to legal requirements, maximize performance indicators like efficiency and response speed, and consistently innovate. Advanced design methods and a thorough comprehension of electromagnetic principles and particular application needs are necessary to meet these complex problems.

Operational Challenges

  • Power Efficiency: Reducing energy consumption without compromising performance.
  • Response Time Optimization: Enhancing speed while maintaining precision.
  • Durability and Reliability: Ensuring solenoids operate efficiently under extreme conditions.

Engineering and Manufacturing Challenges

  • Size and Weight Limitations: Particularly relevant in consumer electronics and automotive applications.
  • Environmental Conditions: Temperature, humidity, and vibration impact long-term performance and reliability.
  • Regulatory Compliance: Meeting efficiency, safety, and performance standards is crucial.
  • Manufacturing Constraints: Factors like production costs, material sourcing, and lead times influence design choices.

Simulation for Solenoid Design and Modeling

Traditional solenoid designs often depend on iterative prototyping and physical testing processes that can be expensive and time-consuming. However, cloud-native 3D electromagnetic simulation enables engineers to rapidly explore a huge design space, adapting solenoid geometry, materials, and coil configurations much before the physical tests begin.

With real-time computational insight, design teams can evaluate the impact of parameters such as electromagnetic force, electromagnetic losses, and thermal behavior under various operating conditions.

3D electromagnetic simulation of a solenoid design
Figure 3: A 3D electromagnetic simulation of a solenoid in SimScale

Benefits of Cloud-Native EM Simulation

  • Rapid Design Iterations: Engineers can test multiple solenoid configurations quickly.
  • Comprehensive Multiphysics Analysis: Evaluates electromagnetic forces, losses, and thermal behavior under various operating conditions.
  • Optimized Performance: Identifies energy-efficient and high-reliability designs before production.

SimScale’s cloud-native simulation platform empowers engineers with real-time computational insights, allowing them to:

  • Evaluate electromagnetic field distribution and coil efficiency.
  • Analyze force-stroke characteristics for improved response time.
  • Predict and mitigate thermal issues with advanced thermal simulation tools.

With SimScale, solenoid design engineers can make data-driven decisions, significantly reducing development time and improving overall solenoid efficiency and reliability.

By following the linked tutorial below, you can learn how to run an electromagnetics simulation on a Linear Pushing Solenoid using SimScale, where the objective is to achieve the linear pushing force of the solenoid.

Tutorial: Electromagnetics Simulation on a Linear Pushing Solenoid

Electromagnetic simulation of a solenoid design
Figure 4: A linear-pushing solenoid simulated using SimScale EM simulation in the cloud

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

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Physics Modeling Software: The Ultimate Guide to Physics Simulation https://www.simscale.com/blog/physics-modeling-software-physics-simulation/ Tue, 10 Dec 2024 17:22:30 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=98172 Engineering challenges are growing more complex as industries demand higher efficiency, precision, and innovation. To meet these...

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Engineering challenges are growing more complex as industries demand higher efficiency, precision, and innovation. To meet these demands, engineers need tools that can accurately predict how their designs will perform under real-world conditions. This is where physics simulation becomes essential.

Physics simulation allows engineers to model physical forces, interactions, and behavior digitally. Instead of relying solely on physical prototypes, simulations provide insights faster and at a lower cost. Effective physics modeling software empowers engineers to analyze and optimize designs across multiple domains.

This guide explores physics simulation, its diverse applications, and how SimScale, a cloud-native platform, stands out as a versatile and collaborative physics modeling tool.

What is Physics Simulation and Physics Modeling Software?

Physics simulation is the process of modeling and analyzing how physical systems behave under various conditions. It uses numerical methods to predict responses like fluid flow, thermal distribution, structural deformation, and electromagnetic fields.

Physics modeling software enables engineers to create, run, and analyze these simulations. It provides a digital environment where users define geometries, apply physical parameters, and visualize results.

Key Features of Effective Physics Modeling Software

  1. Multiphysics Capabilities: The ability to combine different types of physics (e.g., thermal, structural, and fluid) within a single simulation to capture complex interactions.
  2. Flexibility: Support for user-defined physics parameters, allowing engineers to tailor simulations to specific challenges.
  3. Ease of Use: Intuitive interfaces and streamlined workflows make advanced simulations accessible, even for those without deep simulation expertise. This focus on user experience helps teams adopt simulation more effectively, leading to better project outcomes.
  4. Real-time Collaboration: SimScale’s cloud-native platform enables teams to share simulation results effortlessly. Design engineers, manufacturing teams, and testing departments can access the latest simulation data in real time, ensuring everyone stays aligned.
  5. Workflow Efficiency: Integrating simulations into the design process reduces development time. Instead of waiting for physical prototypes, engineers can make real-time adjustments based on simulation insights, accelerating decision-making.

SimScale integrates these features, providing a unified platform where engineers can model complex physical systems, simulate multiple physics domains, and collaborate effectively to achieve precise and actionable insights. By leveraging SimScale, teams can seamlessly bridge the gap between design and simulation, ensuring higher productivity and innovation.

Diverse Engineering Applications of Physics Simulation

SimScale supports a wide range of engineering applications, making it an indispensable tool across various industries, including automotive, industrial equipment, electronics manufacturing, and Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC). By enabling simulations for complex physical systems, SimScale helps engineers address challenges in design, optimization, and testing more efficiently. Below is an overview of the physics available in SimScale and how to leverage them in key domains:

1. Structural Mechanics

Structural analysis simulations assess how components handle stresses, loads, and deformations. Engineers use these simulations to ensure designs meet safety and performance standards.

One example of structural analysis using cloud-native simulation is validating the load-bearing capacity of industrial machinery frames. This ensures designs meet safety standards and comply with regulatory requirements, reducing the risk of costly failures in real-world applications.

Figure 1: Structural analysis of an excavator component in SimScale

2. Fluid Flow (CFD)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models how gases and liquids flow through and around objects. CFD simulations help engineers improve efficiency and performance in fluid-related systems.

For instance, HVAC simulations are essential for engineers looking to optimize airflow and temperature distribution in buildings. By using CFD, engineers can design systems that enhance energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort.

Figure 2: CFD simulation of airflow inside a theater set up and analyzed in the cloud

3. Heat Transfer

Heat transfer simulations model the distribution of heat within systems, helping engineers design effective cooling or heating solutions.

Thermal simulations are particularly valuable for improving battery thermal management. By modeling thermal distribution, engineers can prevent overheating and enhance the lifespan of electric vehicle batteries, ensuring both performance and safety.

thermodynamics - battery
Figure 3: Forced convection cooling of a battery pack showing heat transfer in and around the batteries

4. Electromagnetics

Electromagnetic simulations predict how electric and magnetic fields interact with components. These simulations are crucial for optimizing electrical devices and minimizing interference.

For example, electromagnetic simulations can help optimize the design of electric motors by modeling the interactions of electric and magnetic fields. This enables engineers to identify inefficiencies, reduce energy losses, and enhance motor performance, ensuring reliable operation and cost savings in the long term.

electromagnetic simulation of motors and generators in SimScale
Figure 4: Magnetic flux distribution in an electric motor

5. NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) Simulation

NVH simulations evaluate and minimize noise and vibration in mechanical systems. This is especially valuable for automotive engineers seeking to enhance vehicle comfort (user experience) and product quality. For example, by modeling and reducing cabin noise and vibrations, engineers can create smoother and quieter rides, enhancing the overall driving experience for passengers.

electric motor simulation
Figure 5: NVH simulation for the automotive industry

SimScale supports all these applications in a single cloud-native platform, making it easier for engineers to switch between different types of simulations seamlessly.

The Role of Physics Simulation in Optimizing Designs

By leveraging the power of the cloud with SimScale, engineers can efficiently identify design flaws early in the development process, significantly reducing the need for physical prototypes. The platform’s ability to explore multiple design variations quickly not only accelerates development cycles but also lowers associated costs and enhances precision and accuracy.

Additionally, the flexibility of SimScale’s user-defined physics capabilities provides engineers with customization capabilities, enabling them to adapt simulations to address unique and specialized challenges and ensure results remain accurate and highly relevant to the problem at hand.

Case Study: Bühler Group

Bühler, a global leader in industrial equipment, leveraged SimScale’s cloud-native simulation to revolutionize their design process. By deploying early-stage simulations across 25 departments, over 100 engineers were able to run simulations online and on demand without capacity limitations. This approach enabled faster design convergence and reduced reliance on physical prototypes, saving both time and costs.

Buehler flow and CAD
Figure 6: CAD rendering (top) and flow through (bottom) a malting facility by Bühler

SimScale allowed Bühler to evaluate 60 design variants in just two weeks, a feat that previously required far more time and resources. This rapid iteration capability not only accelerated innovation but also supported bottom-line savings by eliminating the need for expensive hardware and traditional simulation tools. By streamlining workflows and enhancing collaboration across globally distributed teams, Bühler could achieve greater operational efficiency and bring products to market faster. Read more about Bühler’s success here.

“Integrating simulation early in the product development process allows one to better understand the physics and gain confidence in design choices. With SimScale, every design engineer has access to simulation.”

Clement Zemreli from Buehler

Clément Zémerli Senior Simulation Engineer in Corporate Technology at Bühler

Advanced Model Management Capabilities

SimScale’s advanced model management tools provide engineers with the capabilities to organize, track, and collaborate on their simulation projects seamlessly. These features are designed to enhance productivity, streamline workflows, and ensure precision throughout the simulation process.

SimScale’s model management capabilities stand out by providing:

  • Version Control: Engineers can manage and track multiple iterations of their simulations, ensuring no critical updates are lost, and previous iterations remain accessible.
  • Collaboration Tools: Customizable user permissions allow teams to collaborate securely, ensuring data integrity even with multiple contributors.
  • Search and Organization: Engineers benefit from features such as tags, filters, and efficient search functions, enabling them to organize and locate simulation files with ease.
  • Cloud-Native Integration: All model data is stored securely in the cloud, making it accessible from any location and removing the need for specialized hardware setups.
  • AI-Powered Simulation Insights: SimScale leverages artificial intelligence to analyze simulation data, offering engineers predictive insights and optimization suggestions. This feature accelerates decision-making by identifying potential performance improvements or design flaws early in the process.

These tools empower engineers to streamline project workflows and make informed decisions efficiently.

Figure 7: SimScale’s cloud-native platform allows for real-time collaboration, AI-powered insights, and more.

Guided Simulation Workflows for Efficient Modeling

SimScale’s guided simulation workflows allow simulation experts to create templates and standardized processes. These workflows ensure consistency and help non-experts perform reliable simulations.

Step-by-Step Process

  1. Import your CAD file into a SimScale template.
  2. Adjust simulation parameters based on your company design guide.
  3. Run the simulation in the cloud and get instant, standardized results.
  4. Access, track, and share your results in SimScale from anywhere and with any team member.
  5. Sync your results with your PLM system for seamless integration into your workflow.

Benefits of Guided Templates

  • Efficiency: Standardized workflows reduce setup time.
  • Accuracy: Templates ensure simulations are performed correctly.
  • Collaboration: Teams can follow established processes, enhancing teamwork.

More about SimScale’s guided simulation workflows here.

A schematic showing the improvement that the templated and automated process provides over existing processes
Figure 8: By setting up guided simulation workflows in SimScale, simulation teams provide designers with an automated process that ensures accuracy by design.

The Power of Multiphysics Simulation in SimScale

SimScale’s Multiphysics simulation in the cloud allows engineers to model multiple physical phenomena in a single comprehensive analysis. This provides a more accurate representation of real-world behavior.

It also enables flexibility and a seamless combination of analyses, all in a single workbench. SimScale’s “One Platform, Broad Physics” approach enables engineers to combine different physics types, such as thermal, structural, electromagnetic, and fluid simulations, to analyze complex interactions within a design.

Here are some real-world examples:

  • EV Motor Development: Analyze heat, stress, magnetic flux, and fluid interactions to optimize motor performance.
  • Battery Thermal Management: Ensure efficient cooling in battery packs to prevent overheating.
  • Fluid Flow Optimization: Improve industrial processes by modeling fluid dynamics accurately.
electric motor multiphysics simulation
Figure 8: Electric motor testing using SimScale’s cloud-native multiphysics simulation

Give SimScale a Try?

Physics simulation enables engineers to overcome design challenges with precision and speed, making it an indispensable tool in modern engineering. By providing access to multiphysics analysis, guided workflows, and real-time collaboration, SimScale ensures engineers can streamline their processes and achieve optimized designs faster and more effectively.

Explore SimScale’s comprehensive resources for more information, or start simulating today by clicking the button below.

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

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Top 5 Webinar Highlights: Rapid Design Simulations for Home Appliances & Consumer Electronics https://www.simscale.com/blog/webinar-highlights-simulations-home-appliances-consumer-electronics/ Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:11:11 +0000 https://www.simscale.com/?p=97692 The home appliances and consumer electronics industries demand innovation at a breakneck pace, balancing quality, energy...

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The home appliances and consumer electronics industries demand innovation at a breakneck pace, balancing quality, energy efficiency, and speed to market. During our recent webinar, “Rapid Design Simulations for Home Appliances & Consumer Electronics,” Khairi Deiri, Application Engineer at SimScale, demonstrated how SimScale’s cloud-native simulation platform empowers engineers to tackle these challenges with confidence. Here’s a recap of the top five takeaways from the session.


On-Demand Webinar

If these highlights caught your interest, there are many more to see. Watch the on-demand Simulation Expert Series webinar from SimScale on Rapid Design Simulations for Home Appliances & Consumer Electronics by clicking the link below.

On-demand webinar poster on the topic of Rapid Design Simulations for Home Appliances & Consumer Electronics

1. Accelerate Design with Cloud-Native Simulation

SimScale’s cloud-native approach eliminates the need for heavy computational resources. Engineers can run high-fidelity simulations directly from a browser, anytime, anywhere, even on low-powered devices. The platform supports diverse physics, including structural, thermal, fluid dynamics, and electromagnetic simulations, making it a versatile tool for the entire design process.

2. Optimize Induction Cooktop Designs with Multiphysics Simulations

A live demonstration showcased how SimScale can simulate electromagnetic and thermal behaviors in induction cooktop designs. Key insights included:

  • Electromagnetic field optimization to improve energy transfer efficiency and uniform heating
  • The ability to analyze variations in coil geometry and air gaps for different cookware materials
  • Thermal simulations to assess cooling efficiency within induction hubs, ensuring safe operation

These features help teams fine-tune designs for performance and energy efficiency.

3. Unlock AI-Powered Simulation Predictions

SimScale’s AI capabilities reduce lead times by narrowing down design options, enabling quick identification of optimal configurations. For example, in scenarios requiring the exploration of multiple geometries or material combinations, AI can predict performance trends, cutting down on iterative manual simulations.

4. Seamless Collaboration with Cloud-Native Sharing

SimScale simplifies collaboration with a Google Docs-style sharing model. Engineers and stakeholders can view or edit simulation setups in real time, regardless of location. This promotes faster iterations and minimizes delays in the design process.

5. Thermal Coupling for Improved Product Safety

The webinar highlighted SimScale’s ability to couple electromagnetic and thermal simulations. This is crucial for designs like induction cooktops, where understanding heat distribution and cooling is paramount. SimScale also allows teams to simulate temperature-dependent material properties, ensuring reliability under varying conditions.

simulations for home appliances

Driving Innovation in Home Appliances and Consumer Electronics

The webinar underscored how cloud-native simulation tools like SimScale are reshaping the consumer electronics and home appliance sectors. By enabling engineers to explore designs earlier and more efficiently, teams can accelerate innovation and reduce costs while maintaining high standards of performance and safety.

If you missed the live session, don’t worry! Access the webinar recording here to dive deeper into the capabilities of SimScale for your projects.

For any questions or a live demo tailored to your application, feel free to contact us. Let’s shape the future of design together!

Set up your own cloud-native simulation via the web in minutes by creating an account on the SimScale platform. No installation, special hardware, or credit card is required.

The post Top 5 Webinar Highlights: Rapid Design Simulations for Home Appliances & Consumer Electronics appeared first on SimScale.

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